Title Page

The title should be short and informative, and should not contain any abbreviations (for example, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition should not be abbreviated to EMT). However, commonly used gene or protein acronyms are acceptable. The total length of the title should not exceed 100 characters (including spaces). Serial titles are not accepted.

The full name (middle names as initials) of each author should be given. Multiple first-authorships are acceptable and should be indicated. Numbers in superscript should be used to indicate the department, institution, city with postal code and country, for each author. Any changes of address may also be given in numbered footnotes. It is possible to name more than one author as the correspondent of a published article, although we will by default address all correspondence to the single author listed as Corresponding Author upon submission.

Please provide a running title of no more than 40 characters including spaces.

Up to five keywords, which may or may not appear in the title, should be given in alphabetical order, below the abstract, each separated by a slash (/).

Abstract

This should be a single paragraph not exceeding 175 words. The Abstract should be comprehensible to readers before they have read the paper, and abbreviations should be avoided where possible (as for the title). Reference citations within the abstract are not permitted. The abstract should describe all key novel findings of the study.

Introduction

The Introduction should be succinct and without subheadings. It should provide only the necessary background information, rather than comprise a comprehensive review of the field. Citation of the primary literature is required where appropriate (see section on Citation Policy).

Results

The Results section, and associated figures, tables and Expanded View information, must accurately describe the findings of the study. Figure, Table, Expanded View figure, Expanded View table, Expanded View movie, etc. order should follow the text. Detailed methodological descriptions should be restricted to the Materials and Methods section. ‘Data not shown’ is not permitted (see below): all significant data should be displayed in the main figures or Expanded View information.

Discussion

The Discussion should accurately interpret the results, but not be repetitive with the Results section. Authors are encouraged to discuss their work in the broader context. Related published data must be appropriately discussed and cited. Speculation is allowed but should be clearly labelled as such. For shorter articles, the Results and Discussion sections can be combined.

Materials and Methods

This section should contain sufficient detail so that all experimental procedures can be repeated by others, in conjunction with cited references. Reagents must be described in such a way as to allow readers to identify them unequivocally and/or reproduce them. For example, antibodies epitopes should be described and siRNA and other probe sequences must be provided. In cases where detailed methods cannot be described within the length limits of the article, additional Materials and Methods can be included as part of the Appendix (see Expanded View section). This additional information should, however, not be of immediate importance for the understanding of the manuscript, and it is not permissible to move the entire “Materials and Methods” section into the Appendix.

Acknowledgements

These should be placed at the end of the text and not in footnotes. Personal acknowledgements should precede those of institutions or agencies. Grant numbers are permissible. Dedications are discouraged. It is the authors responsibility to add required funder information to the acknowledgement section before proof stage. Such information can only be added to published paper in exceptional circumstances and at the editors’ discretion.

Author contributions

The journal requires a statement specifying the contributions of every author. Further details on authorship can be found here.

Conflict of interest

The journal requires a statement specifying whether or not the authors have a conflict of interest (see above for details). In the case of a conflict of interest, this must be specified.

Data Availability Section

Datasets and computer code that were generated in the reported study should be listed in a structured manner in the “Data Availability” section placed after the Materials & Methods section. Each dataset should be listed under a separate bullet point that includes 1) a short description of the measurement type (eg RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, mass spectrometry proteomics, imaging, etc…), 2) the name of the repository (or its recommended acronym, see table below and consult fairsharing.org); 3) the DOI or accession number of the dataset; and 4) a resolvable link to the dataset, either in the form of a resolvable link from http://identifiers.org or as the full URL to the respective database record:

Data availability

The datasets and computer code produced in this study are available in the following databases:

• RNA-Seq data: Gene Expression Omnibus GSE46843 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE46843)
• Chip-Seq data: Gene Expression Omnibus GSE46748 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE46748)
• Protein interaction AP-MS data: PRIDE PXD000208 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD000208)
• Imaging dataset: Image Data Resource https://doi.org/10.17867/10000101
• Modeling computer scripts: GitHub (https://github.com/SysBioChalmers/GECKO/releases/tag/v1.0)
• [data type]: [name of the resource] [accession number/identifier/doi] ([URL or identifiers.org/DATABASE:ACCESSION])

Supported acronyms for databases (see also fairsharing.org):

Full name	Acronym	URL
Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes	dbGAP	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap
Database of single nucleotide polymorphisms	dbSNP	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp
Electron Microscopy Data Bank	EMDB	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb
European Genome-phenome Archive	EGA	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega
European Nucleotide Archive	ENA	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena
Gene Expression Omnibus	GEO	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo
Image Data Resource	IDR	https://idr.openmicroscopy.or/
Molecular Interaction Database	IntAct	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact
Protein Data Bank	PDB	http://www.wwpdb.org
Proteomics Identification database	PRIDE	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride
Reference Sequence Database	RefSeq	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq
Sequence Read Archive	SRA	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra

References and Citations

As a matter of policy, the journal requires the citation of primary literature (over review articles) and, when appropriate, of data (see section on Data citation below). The reference list at the journal is not subject for length restriction: within reason, all relevant citations should be included. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of the references and for ensuring that the related literature is accurately and comprehensively discussed and cited. Review articles should only be cited for general background information, or the proposal of certain concepts or similar purposes. Primary research articles should preferentially be referenced to introduce the question being addressed or to support the conclusions and interpretations of the results.

Only articles that have been published or that are accepted for publication at a named publication should be cited in the reference list. Papers accepted for publication must be cited with the corresponding author’s permission and should include title and all author names (or initials if any of the authors are co-authors of the present contribution), as well as either the DOI, if available, or the term ‘in press’. In the text of the manuscript, a reference should be cited by author and year of publication; no more than two authors may be cited per reference; ‘et al’ should be used if there are more than two authors (i.e. Smith & Jones, 2003; Smith et al, 2000). In the reference list, citations should be listed in alphabetical order and then chronologically, with the authors’ surnames and initials inverted; where there are more than 20 authors on a paper, 20 will be listed, followed by ‘et al.’. Publications by the same author(s) in the same year should be identified with a, b, c after the year of publication. The name of each journal should be abbreviated according to Index Medicus and italicized. References should therefore be listed as follows:

• Akhmedkhanov A, Toniolo P, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Koenig KL, Shore RE (2002) Aspirin and lung cancer in women. Br J Cancer 87: 49-53

Book chapters and books can be cited in the following way:

• Price SR, Oubridge C, Varani G, Nagai K (1998) Preparation of RNA-protein complexes for X-ray crystallography and NMR. In RNA-Protein Interaction: Practical Approach, Smith C (ed) pp 37-74. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Sambrook J, Fritsch E & Maniatis T (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA

Citations to manuscripts posted on recognized preprint servers can be cited the following way:

• Author NAME1, Author NAME2, (YEAR) article title. bioRxiv doi: 1234/002.dfj123 [PREPRINT]

Data citation

We encourage authors to include datasets obtained from public resources in the reference list in the form of data citations. Please note that a “dataset” in this context represents primary experimental data and not reference gene or protein sequences at public data banks such as Genbank, Ensembl or UniProt. The original publication (article) that reported the respective dataset should additionally be included as a regular reference.

Data references should include authors, when possible, the year, the full name of the database where the data is available, the accession number or DOI and, importantly, a resolvable link that points directly to the dataset. The resolvable link can be in the form of either a plain URL, a DOI or an identifiers.org construct. Each data reference should be labeled with the tag “[DATASET]” at the end to distinguish it from the other references. Example:

References

Hörnberg E, Ylitalo EB, Crnalic S, Antti H, Stattin P, Widmark A, Bergh A, Wikström P (2011) Gene Expression Omnibus GSE29650 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE29650). [DATASET]

Hörnberg E, Ylitalo EB, Crnalic S, Antti H, Stattin P, Widmark A, Bergh A, Wikström P (2011) Expression of androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer bone metastases is associated with castration-resistance and short survival. PLoS One 6: e19059
 

In the main text, these datasets should be cited with the prefix “Data ref:” to distinguish them from the reference to the original article that reported the dataset. Example:

“…were grouped based on the relative levels of AR‐Vs expressed, mainly AR‐V7 (Hörnberg et al, 2011; Data ref: Hörnberg et al, 2011).”

Datasets for which the authors are unknown should be included at the end of the reference list in the form: [dataset title] [year] [database name and accession number] [resolvable link to the dataset] followed by the tag “[DATASET]” at the end. Example:

Genetic variation in Kuusamo (2015) European Genome-Phenome Archive EGAS00001000020 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega/studies/EGAS00001000020) [DATASET]
 

In the main text these datasets should be cited using the name of the database, its accession number and the year. Example:

“… 402 genomes from the Kuusamo Project (Data ref: European Genome-phenome Archive EGAS00001000020, 2015) …”
 

In studies that make use of many (i.e. more than approx. 20) pre-existing datasets, it might not be practical or feasible to cite them individually. In this case, it is therefore acceptable to provide a separate data reference list in the form of an Expanded View Table which should be called out from Materials & Methods.

Tables

Tables should be provided in .doc or .xls format and need to be editable (no image files). They can be included at the bottom of the main manuscript file or be sent as separate files. Tables should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4). Tables should be self-explanatory and include a brief descriptive title. Footnotes to tables indicated by lower-case superscript letters are acceptable, but they should not include extensive experimental detail.

Conventions and Abbreviations

In general, the journal follows conventions given in Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors and Publishers (1994) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 6th edn. Please follow Chemical Abstracts and its indexes for chemical names. For guidance in the use of biochemical terminology follow the recommendations issued by the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. In general, genes and genotypes should be indicated in italics; proteins and phenotypes should not be italicized.

Authors should use approved gene and gene product nomenclature and apply the italicization and capitalization formatting as appropriate for each organism’s standard nomenclature. Please consult the appropriate nomenclature databases for correct gene names and symbols. Some useful general resources are: Entrez Gene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene); UniProt (http://www.uniprot.org/).

Try to restrict the use of abbreviations to SI symbols (standard units of measurements) and those recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Abbreviations should be defined in brackets after their first mention in the text, not in a list of abbreviations. SI symbols and symbols of chemical elements may be used without definition in the body of the paper. Abbreviations of standard biochemical compounds, e.g. ATP, DNA, nucleotides in nucleic acids, and amino acids in proteins, need not be defined.

Figures

Figure Legends

Figure legends should contain sufficient information to allow the reader to follow the data presented without referring back to the text, but should not be redundant with the Results section. Each figure must contain a heading. All symbols and abbreviations used in the figure must be defined, unless they are common abbreviations or have already been defined in the text. Experimental details should, where possible, be given in the Materials and Methods section, and not repeated in the figure legends. Figure legends should be formatted such that each panel, or group of panels, has its own entry with the panel letter (or range) on the left and the description on the right, the panels should be described in sequential order in the legend. Details on the statistical analysis and the number of replicates should be indicated for each panel where appropriate (see Statistics section below).

Figure 1 - Generation of hiPSCs from a patient with type-2 long-QT syndrome.

A Bright-field images of neurospheres obtained from SVZ neural stem cells of P15 control and hGFAP-SDHD mouse brains. Scale bars: 500 μm.

B, C Neurosphere (NS) forming efficiency (B) and core diameter (C) in cultures grown from SVZ of P15 control and hGFAP-SDHD mice (n = 6 cultures/mice for each genotype).

D Quantitative RT–PCR detection of SdhD expression levels in SVZ neurospheres of wild-type (flox/+) and mutant (flox/-, and flox/- cre) mice (n = 4 mice for each group).

Data information: In (B–D), data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P≤0.05 (Student's t-test).

Figure Formatting

Figures and Expanded View figures should be presented in the order they are mentioned in the text. Figures use the numbering system Fig 1, while Expanded View figures use the system Fig EV1. The figure count in each is separate, such that there will be both a Fig 1 and a Fig EV1 (and so on) in a manuscript.

The final size of figures will be between 87 mm and 180 mm wide on the printed page. Please bear this in mind when submitting your manuscript for review and allow for sufficient resolution at a suitable size. For help preparing figures, please download our figure guide PDF.

Figures divided into parts should be labelled with an upper-case, bold letter (Helvetica Font). Figures with several parts should also be in proportion, with consistently sized lettering so that the whole figure can be reduced by the same amount to the smallest size at which the essential details are visible. Use Courier font for sequence data and Symbol font for any symbols.

All lettering should be done using standard fonts (Helvetica, Times, Symbol, Courier) and retained in a separate layer (if possible) so that the production team can adapt any labels to the journal’s style if necessary. All fonts used for labelling the figures should also be embedded in the final files if the software package offers this option.

Scale bars, rather than magnification factors, should be used, with the length of the bar defined in the legend rather than on the bar itself. In general, visual cues on the figure itself are preferred rather than verbal explanations (for example, ‘broken line’ or ‘filled black triangles’) in the legend.

When preparing figures of microscopy images, please note that we strongly encourage the use of colours that are suitable for colour-blind readers: for example, the use of magenta/green is preferred over red/green for 2-channel images.

For publication, we require PowerPoint, TIFF, PDF or EPS files in PC or Macintosh format, preferably from PhotoShop or Illustrator software. We cannot accept Freehand, Canvas, CorelDRAW or MacDrawPro files. These files must be converted to postscript (eps) format. For any figures submitted in Photoshop or TIF(F) format we require layered files to be sent whereby all text, arrows or additional attributes are placed on individual layers within the file. For line art/charts/graphs we prefer to work with Adobe Illustrator AI, EPS or high-resolution PDF files. We can also accept high-resolution PDF files.

Colour artwork can be submitted in RGB or CMYK colour mode. Non-vector graphics should be preserved at high resolution: 300 ppi (pixels per inch) minimum at actual print size for greyscale or colour halftone images, and 600 ppi minimum for artwork containing fine details like lines and text. Combinations of monochrome line art (e.g. charts and diagrams) and greyscale/photographs should allow for a resolution of 600 ppi at the actual final print size.

An illustrated overview of the guidelines, explanations and tips regarding the preparation of artwork is available for download in this document [pdf].

The journal does not have colour charges for figures, and the authors are therefore welcome to submit full colour figures.

Figure/Data Presentation

Figures must accurately reflect the results of the experiments. Appropriate controls, markers and scale bars should be included in all panels. Statistical tests must be clearly defined and appropriate to the data.

Source Data
The EMBO Press journals strongly encourage authors to upload the ‘source data’ – for example, tables of individual numerical values and measurements or uncropped gels – that were used to generate figures. These files are separate from the Expanded View information files and are submitted using the "figure source data" option in the manuscript submission system. Source data are directly linked to specific figures so that interested readers can directly download the associated ‘source data’ for the purpose of alternative visualization, re-analysis or integration with other data.

The data should at minimum allow users to redraw the figures using an alternative graphical representation, or to identify how a gel was cropped or otherwise edited for inclusion in the original figure. The data should be annotated to provide essential information to interpret the source data.

Image Processing
Images submitted with a manuscript for review should be minimally processed (for instance, to add arrows to a micrograph). Authors should retain their unprocessed data and metadata files, as editors may request them to aid in manuscript evaluation. If unprocessed data are unavailable, manuscript evaluation may be stalled until the issue is resolved.

A certain degree of image processing is acceptable for publication (and for some experiments, fields and techniques is unavoidable), but the final image must correctly represent the original data and conform to community standards. The guidelines below will aid in accurate data presentation at the image processing level; authors must also take care to exercise prudence during data acquisition, where misrepresentation must equally be avoided. Where appropriate, manuscripts should include further Methods as part of the Expanded View that describe for each figure the pertinent instrument settings, acquisition conditions and processing changes.

Authors should list all image acquisition tools and image processing software packages used. Authors should document key image-gathering settings and processing manipulations in the Methods.

Images gathered at different times or from different locations should not be combined into a single image, unless it is stated that the resultant image is a product of time-averaged data or a time-lapse sequence. If juxtaposing images is essential, the borders should be clearly demarcated in the figure and described in the legend.

The use of touch-up tools, such as cloning and healing tools in Photoshop, or any feature that deliberately obscures manipulations, is to be avoided.

Processing (such as changing brightness and contrast) is appropriate only when it is applied equally across the entire image and is applied equally to controls. Contrast should not be adjusted so that data disappear. Excessive manipulations, such as processing to emphasize one region in the image at the expense of others (for example, through the use of a biased choice of threshold settings), is inappropriate, as is emphasizing experimental data relative to the control.

When submitting revised final figures upon conditional acceptance, authors may be asked to submit original, minimally processed images.

Electrophoretic gels and blots
Positive and negative controls, as well as molecular size markers, should be included on each gel and blot. For previously characterized antibodies, a citation must be provided. For antibodies less well characterized in the system under study, a detailed characterization that demonstrates not only the specificity of the antibody, but also the range of reactivity of the reagent in the assay, should be published as part of the Expanded View. The display of cropped gels and blots in the main paper is permitted if it improves the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. Cropped gels in the paper must retain all important bands, and space (several band-widths) should be retained above and below the relevant band(s). Vertically sliced images that juxtapose lanes that were non-adjacent in the gel must have a clear separation or a black line delineating the boundary between the gels. Quantitative comparisons between samples on different gels/blots are discouraged; if this is unavoidable, the figure legend must state that the samples derive from the same experiment and that gels/blots were processed in parallel. Loading controls must be run on the same blot. High-contrast gels and blots are discouraged, as overexposure may mask additional bands. Authors should strive for exposures with gray backgrounds. Multiple exposures should be presented in the Expanded View information if high contrast is unavoidable. Immunoblots should be surrounded by a black line to indicate the borders of the blot, if the background is faint. For quantitative comparisons, appropriate reagents, controls and imaging methods with linear signal ranges should be used.

Microscopy
Authors should be prepared to supply the editors with original data on request, at the resolution collected, from which their images were generated. Cells from multiple fields should not be juxtaposed in a single field; instead multiple supporting fields of cells should be shown as part of the Expanded View. Specific guidelines: Adjustments should be applied to the entire image. Threshold manipulation, expansion or contraction of signal ranges and the altering of high signals should be avoided. If ‘Pseudo-colouring’ and nonlinear adjustment (for example ‘gamma changes’) are used, this must be disclosed. Adjustments of individual colour channels are sometimes necessary on ‘merged’ images, but this should be noted in the figure legend. We encourage inclusion of the following with the final revised version of the manuscript for publication: In the Methods, specify the type of equipment (microscopes/objective lenses, cameras, detectors, filter model and batch number) and acquisition software used. Although we appreciate that there is some variation between instruments, equipment settings for critical measurements should also be listed. A further Methods section as part of the Expanded View (or part of a larger Methods section) titled ‘equipment and settings’ should list for each image: acquisition information, including time and space resolution data (xyzt and pixel dimensions); image bit depth; experimental conditions such as temperature and imaging medium; and fluorochromes (excitation and emission wavelengths or ranges, filters, dichroic beamsplitters, if any). The display lookup table (LUT) and the quantitative map between the LUT and the bitmap should be provided, especially when rainbow pseudocolor is used. If the LUT is linear and covers the full range of the data, that should be stated. Processing software should be named and manipulations indicated (such as type of deconvolution, three-dimensional reconstructions, surface and volume rendering, ‘gamma changes’, filtering, thresholding and projection). Authors should state the measured resolution at which an image was acquired and any downstream processing or averaging that enhances the resolution of the image.

Statistical analysis
The description of all reported data that includes statistical testing must state the name of the statistical test used to generate error bars and P values, the number (n) of independent experiments underlying each data point (not replicate measures of one sample), and the actual P value for each test (not merely 'significant' or 'P < 0.05'). Discussion of statistical methodology can be reported in the materials and methods section, but figure legends should contain a basic description of n, P and the test applied.

Descriptive statistics should include a clearly labelled measure of centre (such as the mean or the median), and a clearly labelled measure of variability (such as standard deviation or range). Ranges are more appropriate than standard deviations or standard errors for small data sets. Standard error or confidence interval is appropriate to compare data to a control. Graphs must include clearly labelled error bars for cases where more than two independent experiments have been performed (error bars for replicate samples are less useful). Authors must state whether a number that follows the ± sign is a standard error (s.e.m.) or a standard deviation (s.d.) Authors must justify the use of a particular test and explain whether their data conform to the assumptions of the tests. In particular:

• When using statistical methods based on the normal distribution authors should explain how they tested their data for normality. If the data do not meet the assumptions of the test, then a non-parametric alternative should be used.
• When making multiple statistical comparisons on a single data set, authors should explain how they adjusted the alpha level to avoid an inflated Type I error rate, or they should select statistical tests appropriate for multiple groups.
• For each experiment, the number of both technical and biological replicates should be clearly stated. Biological replicates are derived from independent experiments using separately obtained biological samples, while technical replicates are created by repeated measurements on the same biological sample. In general, technical replicates should be averaged before any statistical inference tests are performed.
• In cases where n is small, appropriate statistical tests should be employed and justified in the text.

Since for complex biological experiments the number of independent repeats of a measurement often has to be limited for practical reasons, statistical measures with a very small n are commonplace. However, statistical measures applied to too small a sample size are not significant and they can suggest a false level of significance. We recommend that the actual individual data from each experiment should be plotted if n < 5, alongside an error bar. In cases where n is small, a justification for the use of the statistical test employed has to be provided. Presenting a single ‘typical result’ of n experiments is sometimes unavoidable, but should be accompanied by an indication of the variability of data between independent experiments. If n is not based on independent experiments (that is, n merely represents replicates of a measurement), statistics may still be useful, but a detailed description of the repeated measurement is required.

For more information on the appropriate use of standard deviation, standard error, and confidence intervals please refer to Sullivan et al (2016), American Statistical Association guidelines (2016), Motulsky (2014), and Cumming et al (2007).

Expanded View (replacing Supplementary Information)

YOU DO NOT NEED TO REFORMAT YOUR MANUSCRIPT FOR A FIRST SUBMISSION.

Please follow the guidelines below when submitting a revision.

EMBO Press journals encourage the inclusion of extra figures in the HTML version of the main manuscript. These figures are presented in an expandable format inline in the main text so that readers who are interested can access them directly as they read in the context of the article. They are also provided for download in a separate PDF to accompany the Article PDF.

Figures appropriate for the Expanded View format are those of particular value to specialist readers, but which are not essential to follow the main thread of the paper for the general reader. Previously, important data would have been difficult to find and access as Supplementary Information. EMBO Press strongly encourages authors to select a limited number (typically 5) of supplementary figures for inclusion in the article proper as Expanded View figures in order to improve their accessibility, visibility and utility. Any extra figures that are not promoted to the Expanded View should be included in a 'traditional' supplementary PDF (along with supplementary text and tables) now called the Appendix.

We intend that by promoting only the essential elements of the supplementary information to be fully integrated in the main manuscript, authors and journals can reduce the often excessive amounts of information that is largely hidden in supplementary information sections. Note that it is explicit policy at all four EMBO Press journals to only include data directly relevant to the scientific claims of the paper.

Our editors will be happy to help you to decide which figures to promote to the Expanded View, or to explain about the Expanded View in more detail. There is no extra typesetting cost for figures that you choose promote in this way. However, please keep in mind the limit of 5 extra figures, unless agreed otherwise with the editor.

Your paper will now include 4 levels of information designed to add more structure and more flexibility to read or browse:

LEVEL 1 (Main manuscript and figures)

Main manuscript text, main figures and simple tables (Figures nomenclature: Figure 1, Table 1 etc.)
UPLOAD using file types: Manuscript File (including main text and tables), Figure File (as separate image files).

LEVEL 2 (Expanded View)

Expanded View figures (Expanded View figure nomenclature: Figure EV1)
[These figures will be displayed in the main HTML of the paper in a collapsible format. They will also be collected by the publisher into a single PDF and made available for download]
UPLOAD as separate image files using the file type Figure File (as for Main Figures, but note the different nomenclature when naming your Expanded View figures in the system).

Expanded View large tables and files (nomenclature: Table EV1, Dataset EV1 etc.)
[These extra files will be collected at the end of the manuscript in the Expanded View section]
UPLOAD as separate files (.txt, .xls., .ZIP etc.) using the file type Expanded View File.

LEVEL 3 (Appendix PDF)

Appendix PDF: Extra figures not promoted to the Expanded View, simple Tables not provided as separate Excel files and extra text (e.g. extra methods) provided in a single PDF(nomenclature to name and refer to Appendix items in the main text: Appendix Figure S1, Appendix Table S1, Appendix Supplementary Methods)
Please use this format for figures/tables/text beyond the limitations set of the main manuscript (level 1) and Expanded View (level 2). The Appendix should begin with a short table of contents.
[The Appendix will be provided at the end of the manuscript as PDF]
UPLOAD as a single PDF using the file type Expanded View File

LEVEL 4 (Source Data)

Source Data for main figures: Source Data should be uploaded using the Source Data file type to link source data underlying regular figures (level 1) or Expanded View figures (level 2) to the relevant figures. Source Data can include minimally processed version of data presented in figures, numerical data underlying plots or charts, as well as replicates.
UPLOAD as single files using the file type Source Data

Source Data for Expanded View and Appendix figures: We cannot currently link Source Data to Expanded View Figures (level 2) and Appendix files (level 3) for technical reasons. It should therefore be uploaded using the Expanded View File filetype in a single ZIP file containing all the Source Data for Expanded View and Appendix content.
UPLOAD as a single ZIP file containing multiple folders/files relating to individual Expanded View items using the file type Expanded View File

To take advantage of the Expanded View

Authors will need to:

1. Select from their current Supplementary Information up to 5 figures for inclusion in the Expanded View.
2. Provide these figures as separate figure files (as for main figures in EPS, TIFF, PPT format etc.) using the file type Figure File in our manuscript submission system.
3. Include the legends for these figures in the main manuscript document file in a section called Expanded View Figure Legends after the main Figure Legends section.
4. Use the nomenclature Figure EV1 (and so on) for the figure legends and making reference to the figures in the text. The figures should be included in numerical sequential order (note that the EV sequence is separate from the sequence for regular figures).

For the figures that are not promoted to Expanded View format, and for supplementary text and tables, we ask authors to provide a single PDF file titled Appendix, containing:

1. A table of contents on the first page
2. Supplementary figures, text and simple tables and their legends (i.e. traditional Supplementary Information)
3. Use the nomenclature Appendix Figure S1, Appendix Table S1, Appendix Supplementary Methods etc. to ensure readers are not confused between Appendix figures and Expanded View figures
4. Reference these items in the manuscript text as: Appendix Figure S1, Appendix Table S1, Appendix Supplementary Methods
5. The Appendix PDF should be uploaded using the file type Expanded View File in our manuscript submission system.

For complex tables (more than 5 columns or 20 rows), datasets, computer code and so on, authors are asked to supply individual ZIP files using the nomenclature: Dataset EV1, Table EV1 and so on. Each ZIP file should contain the data file (movie, excel file, computer code) AND a separate plain text README file with item title and description. Submit these using the file type Expanded View File in our manuscript submission system.

Source data for Expanded View figures, Appendix content and individual files should be provided in a single ZIP file called Source Data for Expanded View and Appendix. Within the ZIP file, the Source Data should be included in individual folders pertaining to the figure/table that the Source Data is for. Submit this using the file type Expanded View File in our manuscript submission system.

File naming conventions

Files should be named based on manuscript number, file type and sequence position as in the following examples. Your Manuscript ID can be seen at the top of the page when you begin submission.

manuscriptID_Fig1.tiff
manuscriptID_SourceDataForFigure1A-F.PDF
manuscriptID_SourceDataForFigure2E.xls
manuscriptID_FigEV1.tiff
manuscriptID_MovieEV1.zip
manuscriptID_DatasetEV1.zip
manuscriptID_ComputerCodeEV1.zip
manuscriptID_Appendix.PDF
manuscriptID_SourceDataForExpandedView.zip

Unpublished Data

The journal does not permit citation of “Data not shown”. All data referred to in the paper should be displayed in the main or Expanded View figures. “Unpublished observations” may be referred to in exceptional cases, where these are data peripheral to the major message of the paper and are intended to form part of a future or separate study, the names of the persons that reported the observation should be listed in brackets. Personal communications (Author name(s), personal communications) must be authorised in writing by those involved, and the authorisation sent to the editorial office at time of submission. Care should be taken that embargo policies are not contravened. References to manuscripts in preparation or submitted, but not yet accepted, should be cited in the text as (Author names(s), in preparation), and should not be included in the list of references. Copies of such manuscripts should be enclosed at submission for reviewing purposes where relevant, as should manuscripts in press, which should be cited in the reference list (see above)

Data deposition

Large-scale datasets, sequences, atomic coordinates and computational models should be deposited in one of the relevant public databases prior to submission (provided private access is available at the database) to enable referees to consider this data as part of the peer review process. Accession codes should be included in a “Data Availability” section at the end of Materials & Methods (suggested wording: “The [protein interaction | microarray | mass spectrometry ] data from this publication have been deposited to the [name of the database] database [URL] and assigned the identifier [accession | permalink | hashtag ]).” Where applicable, please include in the cover letter at submission username and password for confidential access by peer-reviewers.

Data for which no suitable public database exists should be deposited in a database for unstructured data (for example: BioStudies, Dryad, Zenodo, Figshare) or included as dataset files in the Expanded View section of the manuscript, if the file size allows this. In cases where data can not be confidentially deposited in a public database, please contact the editorial office for advice on how to make these data available for refereeing purposes.

Summary table of data repositories recommended by EMBO press:

Data types	Repositories	Standards (via BioSharing*)
Functional genomics	ArrayExpress, GEO	MIAME, MINSEQE
Mass spectrometry proteomics	Pride, PeptideAtlas	MIAPE
Molecular interactions	IMEx	MIMIx
Metabolomics	Metabolight, Metabolomics Workbench	MSI
Sequences	GenBank, ENA, DDBJ
Flow Cytometry	FlowRepository	MIFlowCyt
Large-scale imaging	Image Data Resource
Structure data	PDB, NDB, EMDB
Genotypic and phenotypic data	dbGAP, EGA, dbSNP
Computational models, code	BioModels, JJWS, Zenodo	Combine
Unstructured data	BioStudies, Dryad, Zenodo, Figshare

*We provide links to standards via the BioSharing platform (https://biosharing.org), which provides access to additional related resources and further information on standards in biology.

Functional genomics data

Microarray and sequencing-based functional genomics data should be deposited in the ArrayExpress or GEO databases in compliance to the MIAME standards and the MINSEQEdraft proposal.

Proteomics, metabolomics and molecular interactions

Mass spectrometry datasets should be deposited in a machine-readable format (e.g. mzML if possible) in one of the major public database, for example Pride or PeptideAtlas and authors should follow the MIAPE recommendations.

Molecular interaction data should be deposited with a member of the International Molecular Exchange Consortium (IMEx) prior to submission of the manuscript. Authors should follow the MIMIx recommendations.

Metabolomics data should be deposited following the recommendations of the Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI) in a recognised repository such as MetaboLights.

Flow cytometry data

Data from FACS analysis should be deposited in https://flowrepository.org/ and annotated, as far as possible, using the MIFlowCyt standard.

Large-scale imaging

High-content screens and large-scale imaging data should be deposited in the Image Data Resource (IDR) database. Descriptive metadata should follow the recommendation provided by IDR (template files at https://github.com/IDR/idr0000-lastname-example/archive/master.zip).

Sequence data

Nucleotide sequence data should be submitted to an International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration member: GenBank, European Nucleotide Archive or DDBJ.

Computational models

Computational models should be provided in a machine-readable form at submission stage to allow reviewers to reproduce the analysis and simulations performed in the study. When possible, standardize format (SBML, CellML) should be used instead of scripts (e.g. MATLAB). Authors are strongly encouraged to follow the set of guidelines provided by Combine and deposit their model in a public database such as Biomodels or JWS Online. We recommend depositing computer code in Zenodo (see also how code shared on GitHubcan be archived on Zenodo https://guides.github.com/activities/citable-code/).

Structural biology data

The journal accepts and follows the recommendations of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), with regard to the deposition and release of macromolecular structural data. These guidelines are set out by the IUCr Commission on Biological Macromolecules (Acta Crystallographica (2000), D56, 2). In summary, they state that all publications must be accompanied by deposition of both the atomic coordinates and the structure-factor amplitudes in the appropriate database (PDB or NDB). In the case of low-resolution structures for which only a chain trace is reported, a set of C alpha positions and structure-factor amplitudes may be sufficient.

For NMR structures, data deposited should include resonance assignments, and all restraints used in structure determination (NOEs, spin-spin coupling constants, amide exchange rates, etc) and the derived atomic coordinates for both an individual structure and for a family of acceptable structures.

Structures of biological macromolecules solved by electron microscopy must be submitted to the EMDB database (see Lawson et al. (2011) Nucleic Acids Res. 39: D456-D464).

Human clinical and genomic datasets

The journal encourages authors to provide access to genotype and clinical data with as few restrictions as possible while respecting ethical obligations to the patients and relevant medical and legal issues. If compatible with the individual consent agreement used in the study, such data should be deposited in one of the major public access-controlled repositories such as dbGAP or EGA. Simple genetic polymorphisms should be submitted to dbSNP.

OTHER ARTICLE TYPES

News & Views

News & Views articles are commissioned and should not be submitted without an invitation from the Editorial Office. These articles should focus on one or more original articles that are of fundamental relevance to a general readership, and which are due for publication in the same issue of the journal and/or cognate journals.

News & Views articles contextualize and underscore the significance of original articles and may be extensively edited in-house.

Submitted manuscripts should be in the form a short essay. Referencing guidelines are the same as for research articles.

The total character count for a News & Views, including spaces, figure legend and references, should not exceed 9,000 characters and the exact character count should be stated on the front page of the manuscript. The report can feature a maximum of one figure, and the authors are asked to make use of this element to maximize the accessibility of the piece for a general readership. The total length of the report when printed may not exceed two pages. Please bear in mind this limit when preparing the figure and any accompanying table. All figures and tables will be redrawn by our professional in-house graphics team, so please feel free to submit rough or hand-drawn sketches in consultation with the editor.

Please note that Acknowledgments and Expanded View content are not permitted for this article type.

Reviews

Review articles aim to provide accessible, authoritative overviews of a field or topic. Reviews should communicate a sense of enthusiasm, weaving background information with the latest advances, and placing both of these elements in the context of the rest of the field. Review articles should cover an aspect of molecular biology that is topical and constitutes a novel analysis of the field at the time of submission. The journal publishes Reviews that balance interest for the general reader with usefulness for specialists. When commissioning or assessing Reviews, the editors focus on articles that report the latest developments and newest insights in a given field and set them in a wider context.

There are no hard length restrictions on reviews. Subtitles can be used to divide the review into appropriate sections. Referencing guidelines are the same as for research articles.

Commentary

Commentaries cover the wider aspects of biological research and the impact and application of science: uses and abuses of science, communication and education, policy and practice.

These articles should both inform and, where appropriate, entertain the reader, but should also be grounded in documented facts or findings. Numerical information should be presented in a historically accurate as well as a statistically rigorous way. Inferences or assertions that are the opinion of the writer rather than constituting a widely accepted view are permitted, provided this is made clear.

The style of these articles may therefore be more similar to a science magazine or even a general newspaper article, rather than a scientific paper or review.

All commentaries are subject to editorial review and may be rejected if they are deemed to be outside the scope of the journal or of insufficient general interest. Submissions that are accepted in principle will be edited in-house. We aim to work with the author(s) to ensure that the final version of any article is both correct and interesting to a broad readership. All changes must be approved by the author(s) to ensure that the edited article accurately represents the facts and their viewpoint, but must also conform to the journal's editorial standards. Articles are not peer-reviewed, although editors may ask members of the Advisory Editorial Board for advice and guidance.

The editors also reserve the right to reject any manuscript if they consider the content to be inappropriate, libelous, not of general interest to the readership, or if it involves a conflict of interest that would significantly undermine the credibility of the article.

There are no hard length restrictions on commentaries, though they should fit on 4 to 5 pages of the journal. Subtitles can be used to divide the commentary into appropriate sections. Referencing guidelines are the same as for research articles.

Please note that primary data and Expanded View content are not permitted for this article type.

SUBMISSION

Presubmission Enquiries

Presubmission enquires allow authors to receive rapid feedback on whether a manuscript in preparation is likely to be of interest to the journal. Presubmission enquiries should be submitted via our online submission system (http://emboj.msubmit.net) or by e-mail and should minimally include a list of all authors, a cover letter and an abstract.

If you have already prepared a manuscript, you should submit this via our online system as an article, rather than sending a presubmission enquiry. This allows the editors to make a more informed decision as to whether or not the manuscript is potentially appropriate for the journal. Initial editorial assessment of full submissions is usually rapid, with an average decision time of four days. Full manuscripts should not have been submitted elsewhere, even if they are sent as a presubmission enquiry.

How to Submit

YOU DO NOT NEED TO REFORMAT YOUR MANUSCRIPT AT FIRST SUBMISSION

We use an online manuscript submission and tracking system: http://emboj.msubmit.net

In order to submit, you must have registered for an account (on any of the four EMBO Press journals). After this, please consult the following instrutions for submission via our secure server. Please be sure that your browser is set to accept cookies. Our tracking system requires cookies for proper operation.

Please refrain from submitting your manuscript by e-mail attachment.

For original submissions, you will need to upload a cover letter, a Word file of the text of the manuscript (including figure legends), and a PDF file containing all the figures. Alternatively, individual figure files can be uploaded separately, but please note that this can be more time-consuming than a PDF submission. You can also submit all of these files within a single ZIP file. The system will expand it for you. Additional Expanded View files can also be uploaded when applicable (please refer to the section ‘Expanded View’ above).

Once you have submitted your files and the conversion is in progress, it can take up to 30 minutes before the PDF, created in the conversion process, is ready for approval. Please contact the editorial office if the conversion engine takes longer than this. It is important to check the quality of the figures in the converted PDF before approving the submission. You can also upload your own PDF for each file if this is faster and/or provides the quality you require. Please remember that your manuscript will not be submitted until you have approved the converted or uploaded PDF files.

To avoid any unnecessary delays, please refer to the most current electronic formatting guidelines when preparing your manuscript for submission. Authors using computer systems with non-Western type encoding are strongly encouraged to eliminate all occurrences of non-standard fonts in both the manuscript and the figures. We suggest using only the fonts Times, Symbol, Courier and Helvetica.

We will acknowledge receipt of a submitted manuscript by e-mail to the Corresponding author as soon as the quality check (appropriate manuscript format and image quality) has been completed. All further correspondence will also be by e-mail. Please ensure that your servers are set up to allow e-mails from the journal, and contact us if you do not receive an acknowledgement e-mail within a few days of submission.

Manuscript Status

You can check the status of your manuscript at any time in the review process by:

1. Accessing the system with your password or link sent to you in the acknowledgement e-mail.
2. Clicking on the link represented by your manuscript tracking number and abbreviated title.
3. Clicking on the “Check Status” link at the bottom of the displayed page.

This procedure will display tracking information about where your manuscript is in the submission/peer review process.

Please feel free to contact the editorial office with status queries.

Submission of Revisions

When a manuscript is returned to authors for revision, the revised version should be submitted within three months of the authors’ receipt of the referee reports, unless another date is specified in the decision letter. Please contact the editor by the deadline in cases where extra time is required for revision. Additional time may be granted upon request at the Editors’ discretion, assuming the conceptual advance of the study stands (with regard to the current literature). As a matter of policy, we do not consider any competing manuscripts published during the specified revision period as negatively impacting on the conceptual advance presented by your study. However, we request that you contact the editor as soon as possible upon publication of any related work, to discuss how to proceed. Only a single round of revision is generally permitted. The initial decision letter on the original version of the manuscript provides a URL that should be used for submission of revised manuscripts. Please do not upload revisions as new submissions.

Revisions should be accompanied by a point-by-point response to the referees’ comments and editorial decision letter, in PDF or Word format. To facilitate the re-evaluation, we encourage authors to intercalate their response with the referee comments.

Revisions must also be accompanied by a completed author checklist. Right click to download and complete the author checklist here. Please note that the author checklist will be included in the transparent process.

At this stage, you must also conform for our formatting guidelines, and the following items are mandatorily required when submitting a revision:

1. The manuscript text in LaTeX, RTF or MS Word format.
2. A letter with a detailed description of the changes made in response to the referees.
3. Three to four 'bullet points' highlighting the main findings of your study
4. A short 'blurb' text summarizing in two sentences the study (max. 250 characters). Bullet points and standfirst text should be submitted as a separate manuscript file in LaTeX, RTF or MS Word format.
5. A "synopsis image" (Illustrator, PowerPoint, OmniGraffle or jpeg format), which can be used as "visual title" for the synopsis section of your paper. (This image can be provided in two sizes: 211 (w) x 157 (h) px, or 550 (w) x 200-400 (h) px.)
6. The latter three are for the paper's synopsis, which ensures the paper is more visible and browsable by a wide readership - this text is also used in condensed form on the electronic Table of Contents to complement the titles of papers.

FOR ACCEPTANCE AND PUBLICATION

Before acceptance and transfer to our publishers, manuscripts will be checked for appropriate formatting and image processing, and for plagiarism. We cannot proceed to acceptance until data are available in public databases when required; see above for details.

Speed of publication

The journal aims for rapid publication of papers, usually within 15 to 20 working days. Please help the Editors and publisher avoid delays by providing current e-mail address(es), telephone and fax numbers at which author(s) can be contacted.

The journal offers a fast-track (10 working day) publication route for manuscripts under competition. Please notify the editor as soon as possible in such circumstances.

Proofs

Authors will be sent an e-mail with a link to access and annotate their proof. It is the authors’ responsibility to check that the final proof is accurate. In the interests of speed, corrections should be submitted within 24 hours. If you have any trouble submitting corrections through the system, please contact the production office immediately. Essential changes of an extensive nature may be made only by insertion of a ‘Note added in proof’, and only with the approval of the Editors. A charge will be made to authors who insist on extensive amendment within the text at the page proof stage. Excessive alterations may delay publication of the article.

Press Embargo

When discussing unpublished data (including data in accepted papers not yet published) with the press, authors should take care not to break the journal embargo policy (see abovefor details)

Charges

The journal levies an article publication charge to partially offset production costs. The following articles are exempt from this charge: Reviews, Commentaries, Correspondences, News & Views

For articles accepted as of January 1st 2016, the charges are:

Non open access: 195 Euros per typeset page (excluding reference only pages) plus tax (where applicable)

Open Access: There are no page charges for Open Access articles, only the EMBO Open fee of $5,200 USD / £4,200 GBP / €4,700 EUR  plus tax (where applicable)

Please note that there are no additional charges for colour.

The authorization form for publication charges can be downloaded here: Charges PDF

*** The EMBO Journal is included in the publishing agreement reached with ‘Projekt DEAL’, a consortium of universities and research institutes in Germany. Corresponding authors* affiliated with an eligible German institute or university may publish open access in The EMBO Journal at no direct charge to the author with all OA-related costs being covered under the terms of the agreement (applies to all papers accepted after 30 June 2019). The default setting will be Open Access with a CC-BY license, but authors can choose another form of publication too.

Scientists based at eligible institutions in Germany now also receive free access to past and new content published in all the EMBO Press journals.

* You must be the submitting corresponding author and affiliated with a publicly or privately funded German research institution entitled under Projekt DEAL at the point of acceptance. ***

Cover Charges

We now feature journal covers based on the research presented in a paper selected by the journal editors. Please note that charges apply for this feature. Two options are available:

• A. The authors provide a high-resolution 2575 pixels (w) x 3354 pixels (h) image, which will be optimized for use on the cover. The charge of €1,400 includes design and production of the cover for digital media (website, slide and high resolution PDF) and three poster printouts.
• B. Our expert graphics designers, Uta Mackensen and Sandra Krahl, can create a custom designed cover (for an example, see http://embomolmed.embopress.org/content/7/8?variant=cover-expansion) in full consultation with you. The charge for a custom design is €2,600, which includes the production costs and three poster printouts as above.

Open Access & Self Archiving

Authors of original research articles are encouraged to submit the author’s version of the accepted paper (the unedited manuscript) to their funding body’s archive, for public release six months after publication. In addition, authors are encouraged to archive this version of the manuscript in their institution’s repositories and on their personal websites, also six months after the original publication. This is in line with EMBO Press’ self-archiving policy.

Authors of research articles can also opt to pay an article processing charge of $5,200 USD / £4,200 GBP / €4,700 EUR (plus tax where applicable) for their accepted articles to be open access online immediately upon publication. By paying this charge authors are also permitted to post the final, published PDF of their article on a website, institutional repository or other free public server, immediately on publication. There are no additional page charges for Open Access papers.

EMBO Press’ publishing policies ensure that authors can fully comply with the public access requirements of the major funding bodies worldwide - please see www.sherpa.ac.uk for more information. However, it is the author’s responsibility to take the necessary actions to achieve compliance. These may include self archiving, opting into EMBO Press' manuscript deposition service and / or choosing open access publication.

Author licence agreement

The corresponding author must complete and sign the Licence to Publish form upon acceptance of the manuscript (a link to the form will be provided in the acceptance email). Failure to do so will result in delays to the publication of your paper. The corresponding author will receive instructions in the decision letter sent from the journal. Signing the license will involve following a link to the Wiley Online Author Serivces system.

EMBO Press does not require authors of original research papers to assign release copyright of their published contributions. Authors grant EMBO Press and its publishers an exclusive licence to publish, in return for which they can re-use their papers in their future printed work. Upon issue publication, EMBO Press automatically deposits all articles in their final published form on PMC/Europe PMC with an embargo of 12 months. This policy is consistent with the policies of the US National Institutes of Health, the Wellcome Trust and most other research funding bodies around the world. In those cases where a funder requires free access 6 months after publication, it is the authors’ responsibility to self-archive their accepted, peer-reviewed manuscript in PMC/Europe PMC with a 6 month embargo as soon as their article has been accepted. EMBO Press and its publishers recognise the efforts of funding bodies to increase access of the research they fund, and strongly encourage authors to participate in such efforts.

EMBO Open articles are published under one of two Creative Commons licences at the free choice of the authors. The publication charges remain the same irrespective of the licence chosen.

Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence (CC BY), users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit) and to adapt (edit, rewrite or remix) the contribution including for commercial purposes, but with formal attribution. Users must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they or their use of the contribution is endorsed by the author or licensor; see full legal code at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The use of the CC-BY licence is mandatory for open access publication by recipients of funding from Research Councils UK (RCUK) and the Wellcome Trust after April 2013.

EMBO encourages use of the CC-BY licence. The CC-BY licence facilitates the sharing of scientific information, while mandating citation of the source. This is particularly important for academic re-use of the data, such as for systematic literature analysis.

Under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 Unported License, users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit) the contribution under the following conditions (see full legal code at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/):

• Attribution. Users must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they or their use of the contribution is endorsed by the author or licensor).
• NonCommercial. Users may not use this contribution for commercial purposes.
• No derivative works. Users may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.

None of these Creative Commons Licence impairs or restricts the author's moral rights. Additionally, the following terms hold:

• For any reuse or distribution, users must make clear to others the license terms of this work, preferably using a link to the Creative commons webpage
• Any of the above conditions can be waived if users get permission from the copyright holder.

Please note that any file labeled "Source Data", "Dataset" or "Resource" is released under a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Licence (legal code at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0). This allows unrestricted re-use without the explicit requirement of attribution. We encourage attribution where this is warranted by good scholarly practice.

Digital Object Identifier

EMBO Press and its publishers assign a unique digital object identifier (DOI) to every article it publishes. The DOI initiative is an international effort for electronic content identification and is guided by the International DOI Foundation, composed primarily of academic publishers and societies. The DOI appears on the title page of the article. It is assigned after the article has been accepted for publication and persists throughout the lifetime of the article. It is important to include the article’s DOI in the reference, as volume and page information is not always available for articles published online.

Citing this Article: eLocators

This journal now uses eLocators. eLocators are unique identifies for an article that service the same function page numbers have traditionally served in the print world. When citing this article, please insert the eLocator in place of the page number. For more information, please visit the Author Services eLocator page here.

HELP AND CONTACT

If you need additional help, you can click on the help signs (icon) spread throughout the system. A help dialogue will pop up with context sensitive help. Should further assistance be required, then please contact MTS help. For questions regarding our policies and guidelines, please contact The EMBO Journal editorial office ([email protected]).